Systems of ODEs

An nxn system of ODEs looks like the following

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{aligned} x_1'&=F_1(t,x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)\\ x_2'&=F_2(t,x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)\\ \ldots\\ x_n'&=F_n(t,x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)\\ \end{aligned} }

In vector form, the same equation can be written as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{x}'=\vec{F}(t,\vec{x}) }

Non-linear ODEs are very complicated (like chaos theory, three body problem, etc.). This page will focus entirely on linear systems, which can be expressed as

${\vec {x}}'=P(t){\vec {x}}+g(t)$

where P is the nxn coefficient matrix.